The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant bits, e.g., 192.168.1.15/24, which is equivalent to the historically used subnet mask 255.255.255.0. IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998. IPV4 defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. IP: An Internet Protocol address ( IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. Three-way handshake (active open), retransmission, and error-detection adds to reliability but lengthens latency. The server must be listening (passive open) for connection requests from clients before a connection is established. TCP is connection-oriented, and a connection between client and server is established before data can be sent. Major internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on TCP, which is part of the Transport Layer of the TCP/IP suite. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network. Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It runs on Linux, macOS, BSD, Solaris, some other Unix-like operating systems, and Microsoft Windows. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education.

Wireshark: Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer.

Kali: Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing.

How to use wireshark kali linux